{"id":508,"date":"2020-09-28T17:35:37","date_gmt":"2020-09-28T07:35:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kingdomofdesmond.com\/?page_id=508"},"modified":"2020-10-09T07:42:15","modified_gmt":"2020-10-08T21:42:15","slug":"gaelic-irish-titles-of-nobility","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/kingdomofdesmond.com\/?page_id=508","title":{"rendered":"Gaelic-Irish Titles of Nobility"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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Nobility\u00a0<\/h2>

Nobility is a social class that possesses more acknowledged privileges or eminence than most other classes in a society, and membership is\u00a0usually<\/em>\u00a0hereditary.\u00a0The privileges associated with nobility may constitute substantial advantages relative to non-nobles, or may be largely honorary (e.g. \u2018order of precedence\u2019) and vary from country to country and from era to era.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Historically, membership of the nobility in Ireland and the prerogatives thereof have been regulated or acknowledged by the Gaelic-Irish and Norse-Gaelic kings and chiefs, and later by the monarch or government of the British colonizers, thereby distinguishing the nobility from other sectors of the Irish upper-class.<\/p>

Nonetheless, nobility\u00a0per se<\/em>\u00a0has rarely constituted a closed caste; acquisition of sufficient power, wealth, military prowess or royal favour has often enabled\u00a0commoners to ascend into the nobility. Some writers maintain this regular infusion of \u2018new blood\u2019 (from upwardly-mobile commoners) has maintained the\u00a0vitality of the nobility in Ireland through its long and turbulent history.<\/p>

Irish Nobility<\/h3>

The\u00a0Irish Nobility\u00a0refers to persons who fall into one or more of the following categories of nobility:<\/p>

  1. The Gaelic nobility of Ireland who were or are descendants in the male line of at least one historical grade of king (R\u00ed<\/em>). This group includes the descendants of\u00a0the Norse-Gaelic (Irish-Viking) kings as well.<\/li>
  2. The Hiberno-Norman or \u2018Old English\u2019 (Ireland) nobility who were the descendants of the settlers who came to Ireland from Wales, Normandy and England after\u00a0the Norman invasion of Ireland in 1169 \u2013 1171 AD.<\/li>
  3. The \u2018Peerage of Ireland\u2019 who owe their British titles to those created by the English, and later British, monarchs of Ireland in their capacity as Lord or King of\u00a0Ireland.<\/li><\/ol>

    These three groups are not mutually exclusive. There is a high degree of overlap between groups 1 and 2 (prior to the Treaty of Limerick in 1691). There is a\u00a0lesser degree of overlap between groups 2 and 3 (prior to the declaration of the Republic of Ireland). There is also a lesser degree of overlap between groups 1\u00a0and 3. Such overlaps may be personal (e.g. a Gaelic noble who was \u2018re-granted\u2019 his titles by King Henry VIII of England), or they may be geographical (i.e.\u00a0different noble traditions co-existing in neighbouring parts of the country, which were only distinguished by the date when they were finally conquered by the\u00a0English administration in Dublin castle).<\/p>

    Clann\u00a0territories were under the rule and control of a Chief,\u00a0whom was elected by a vote of ancestral descendants\u00a0(within three generations, a process called\u00a0Tanistry<\/em>) of the preceding Chief. The designation as Chief was also referred to as a King (Ri<\/em>), Lord (Tiarna<\/em>), or\u00a0Captain of his countrie<\/em>\u00a0(or \u2018captain of his\u00a0nation\u2019), all of which were roughly equivalent, prior to the collapse of the Gaelic order. The concept of a hereditary \u2018title\u2019 originated with the adoption of\u00a0English law, the policy of surrender and re-grant and the collapse of the Gaelic order during the period from approximately 1585\u20131610. Because the election\u00a0of a new chief would almost always be from the same family (or families) within a tribal area, each family developed a long history of ruling within an area,\u00a0which gave rise to the concept of Gaelic nobility. However, ruling titles did not pass by hereditary descent; rather it was by election and bloodshed, given\u00a0the absence of criminal penalties for the death of an opponent.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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    An Irish Chief, 1570 AD From John Derricke\u2019s The Image of Irelande, which was written in 1578, with the woodcuts created between then and 1581, apparently from memory (or possibly sketches taken while he was in Ireland.)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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    Subsequent to the end of the MacCarthy M\u00f3r sovereignty in the kingdom and territory of Desmond, descendants entitled to the highest Gaelic designation of\u00a0\u2018Chief of the Name\u2019 of the MacCarthy M\u00f3r family, are also properly styled as Princes of Desmond. A secondary title of the MacCarthy M\u00f3r would derive\u00a0from the lordship designation of his sept. For example, the current holder of the MacCarthy M\u00f3r \u2018Chief of the Name\u2019 title, Liam Trant McCarthy, is also titled\u00a0as Lord of Kerslawny, by virtue of his position as senior-most in descent through the line of\u00a0Sliocht Cormac of Dunguile<\/em>\u00a0(the Lordship of Kerslawny). Present day Gaelic nobles might be styled as either\u00a0Flaith<\/em>\u00a0(prince),\u00a0Ard Tiarna<\/em>\u00a0(high-lord), or\u00a0Tiarna\u00a0<\/em>(lord).<\/p>

    The word\u00a0Tiarna<\/em>\u00a0is from the old Irish-Gaelic word\u00a0Tigerna<\/em>, meaning \u2018lord\u2019 in the Gaelic world, approximately equal in rank to a \u2018Baron\u2019. An amusing example\u00a0is James Tuchet, 3rd Earl of Castlehaven, a Norman-Irish nobleman of an \u2018Old English\u2019 (Catholic) family, called\u00a0Tiarna Beag<\/em>\u00a0or \u2018Little Lord\u2019 because of his\u00a0small height.<\/p>

    An\u00a0Ard Tiarna<\/em>\u00a0is a \u2018high lord\u2019, approximately equal in rank to a \u2018Count\u2019 or an \u2018Earl\u2019, although many of such higher-rank still happen to prefer the Gaelic-title on\u00a0its own.<\/p>

    These Gaelic-Irish titles no longer attach to any territories. They are honorifics, or, in legal parlance, \u2018incorporeal hereditaments.\u2019 Any lands which historically\u00a0related to any given title, have long since become simply footnotes in the history of the title. In some cases, historically-provable Gaelic-Irish titles which resided\u00a0(as \u2018incorporeal hereditaments\u2019) within the patrimony of Gaelic-Irish royal houses have been re-granted in modern times, in instances where the male line of the\u00a0original title-holder(s) became extinct.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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    In later Gaelic sources, for example the\u00a0Annals of the Four Masters<\/em>, the term\u00a0Ard Tiarna\u00a0<\/em>has also been frequently used to replace the title\u00a0R\u00ed\u00a0<\/em>(king) in cases where\u00a0the authors or current tradition no longer regarded earlier regional and local dynasts as proper kings, even when they are styled such in contemporary sources.<\/p>

    \u00a0In Gaelic-Ireland each person belonged to an agnatic kin-group known as a\u00a0fine<\/em>\u00a0(plural:\u00a0finte<\/em>) or\u00a0clann<\/em>\u00a0(plural:\u00a0clanna<\/em>). This was a large group of related people\u00a0supposedly descended from one progenitor through male forebears. It was headed by a male chieftain, known in Old Irish as a\u00a0cennfine<\/em>\u00a0or\u00a0to\u00edsech<\/em>\u00a0(plural:\u00a0to\u00edsig<\/em>).<\/p>

    Although these groups were primarily based on blood-kinship, they also included those who were fostered into the group and those who were accepted into it for\u00a0other reasons. (They would be better thought of as akin to the modern-day corporation.)<\/p>

    Succession to the chieftainship or kingship was through Tanistry<\/em>. When a man became chieftain or king, a relative was elected to be his deputy or \u2018tanist\u2019 (Irish-Gaelic:\u00a0t\u00e1naiste<\/em>, plural\u00a0tanaist\u00ed<\/em>). When the chieftain or king died, his\u00a0Tanist\u00a0<\/em>would automatically succeed him. The\u00a0Tanist<\/em>\u00a0had to share the same great-grandfather as his predecessor and he was elected by freemen who also shared the same great-grandfather. This group of relatives was known as the\u00a0Derbhfine<\/em>.<\/p>

    Tanistry<\/em>\u00a0meant that the kingship usually went to whichever relative was deemed to be the most fitting and capable. Sometimes there would be more than one\u00a0Tanist\u00a0<\/em>at a time and they would succeed each other in order of seniority. Some Anglo-Norman lordships in Ireland later adopted\u00a0Tanistry<\/em>\u00a0from the Irish.<\/p>

    \u00a0Gaelic-Ireland was divided into a hierarchy of territories ruled by a hierarchy of kings or chiefs. The smallest territory was the\u00a0t\u00faath<\/em>\u00a0(plural:\u00a0t\u00faatha<\/em>), which was\u00a0typically the territory of a single kin-group. It was ruled by a\u00a0r\u00ed t\u00faaithe<\/em>\u00a0(king of a\u00a0t\u00faath<\/em>) or\u00a0to\u00edsech t\u00faaithe<\/em>\u00a0(leader of a\u00a0t\u00faath<\/em>). Several\u00a0t\u00faatha<\/em>\u00a0formed a\u00a0m\u00f3r t\u00faath<\/em>\u00a0(over-kingdom), which was ruled by a\u00a0r\u00ed m\u00f3r t\u00faath<\/em>\u00a0or\u00a0ruir\u00ed<\/em>\u00a0(over-king). Several\u00a0m\u00f3r t\u00faatha<\/em>\u00a0formed a\u00a0c\u00f3iced<\/em>\u00a0(province), which was ruled by a\u00a0r\u00ed c\u00f3icid<\/em>\u00a0or\u00a0r\u00ed ruirech<\/em>\u00a0(provincial king). In the early Middle Ages the\u00a0t\u00faatha<\/em>\u00a0was the main political unit, but over time they were subsumed into bigger conglomerate\u00a0territories and became much less important politically.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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    Social Class<\/h2>

    Gaelic-Irish society was structured hierarchically, with those further up the hierarchy generally having more privileges, wealth and power than those further down.<\/p>

    The top social layer was the\u00a0s\u00f3ernemed<\/em>, which included kings, tanists, chieftains, highly skilled poets (fili<\/em>), clerics, and their immediate families. The roles of a\u00a0fili<\/em> included reciting traditional lore, eulogising the king and satirising injustices within the kingdom. Before the Christianisation of Ireland, this group also included the druids (dru\u00ed<\/em>) and vates (f\u00e1ith<\/em>). The druids combined the roles of priest, judge, scholar, poet, physician, and religious teacher, while the vates were oracles.<\/p>

    Below that were the\u00a0d\u00f3ernemed<\/em>, which included professionals such as jurists (brithem<\/em>), physicians, skilled craftsmen, skilled musicians, scholars, and so on. A master in a particular profession was known as an\u00a0ollam<\/em>\u00a0(modern spelling: ollamh<\/em>). The various professions \u2014 including law, poetry, medicine, history and genealogy \u2014\u00a0were associated with particular families and the positions became hereditary. Since the poets, jurists and doctors depended on the patronage of the ruling families, the end of the Gaelic order brought their demise.<\/p>

    Below that were freemen who owned land and cattle (for example the\u00a0b\u00f3aire<\/em>).<\/p>

    Below that were freemen who did not own land or cattle, or who owned very little.<\/p>

    Below that were the unfree, which included serfs and slaves. Slaves were typically criminals (debt slaves) or prisoners of war. There is no evidence to suggest that slavery in Gaelic Ireland was anything more than a marginal phenomenon of luxury for the nobles.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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    Warrior bands<\/h3>

    The warrior bands (fianna<\/em>) generally lived apart from society. A\u00a0fian<\/em>\u00a0was typically composed of young men who had not yet come into their inheritance of land. A\u00a0member of a\u00a0fian<\/em>\u00a0was called a\u00a0f\u00e9nnid<\/em>\u00a0and the leader of a\u00a0fian<\/em>\u00a0was a\u00a0r\u00edgf\u00e9nnid<\/em>. Geoffrey Keating, in his 17th century\u00a0History of Ireland<\/em>, says that during the winter the\u00a0fianna<\/em>\u00a0were quartered and fed by the nobility, during which time they would keep order on their behalf. But during the summer, from Bealtaine to Samhain, they were\u00a0beholden to live by hunting for food and for hides to sell.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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    Class and social mobility<\/h3>

    Although distinct, these social ranks were not utterly exclusive castes like those of India. It was possible to rise or sink from one social rank to another. Rising upward\u00a0could be achieved a number of ways, such as by gaining wealth, by gaining skill in some department, by qualifying for a learned profession, by showing conspicuous valour,\u00a0or by performing some service to the community. An example of the latter is a person choosing to become a\u00a0briugu<\/em>\u00a0(hospitaller). A\u00a0briugu<\/em>\u00a0had to have his house open to\u00a0any guests, which included feeding no matter how big the group. For the\u00a0briugu<\/em>\u00a0to fulfill these duties, he was allowed more land and privileges, but this could be lost if he\u00a0ever refused guests.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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    A freeman could further himself by becoming the client of one or more lords. The lord made his client a grant of property (i.e. livestock or land) and, in return, the client owed\u00a0his lord yearly payments of food and fixed amounts of work. The clientship agreement could last until the lord\u2019s death. If the client died, his heirs would carry on the agreement.<\/p>

    This system of clientship enabled social mobility as a client could increase his wealth until he could afford clients of his own, thus becoming a lord. Clientship was also practised\u00a0between nobles, which established hierarchies of homage and political support.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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    Historical influences on Gaelic-Irish society<\/h2>

    Papal Bull<\/h3>

    Ireland became Christianised between the 5th and 7th centuries. Pope Adrian IV, the only English (Anglo-Norman) pope, had already issued a \u2018Papal Bull\u2019 in 1155 AD giving\u00a0the Anglo-Norman King Henry II of England authority to invade Ireland as a means of curbing Irish refusal to recognise Roman law (an as a means of eliminating the Irish\u00a0Church, which was Orthodox, not \u2018Roman\u2019), and to collect a \u2018papal tax\u2019 from every household in Ireland (which is still collected by the Catholic Church to this day, and which\u00a0is known as \u2018Peter\u2019s Pence\u2019).<\/p>

    Importantly, for later English monarchs, the Papal Bull,\u00a0Laudabiliter<\/em>, maintained papal suzerainty over the island:<\/p>

    \u201cThere is indeed no doubt, as thy Highness doth also acknowledge, that Ireland and all other islands which Christ the Sun of Righteousness has illumined, and which have received the doctrines of the Christian faith, belong to the jurisdiction of St.\u00a0Peter and of the holy Roman Church.\u201d<\/em><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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    Anglo-Norman King Henry II<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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    Anglo-Norman Pope Adrian IV. <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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    Example of Papal Bull<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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    King of Leinster<\/h3>

    In 1166 AD, after losing the protection of High King\u00a0Muirchertach Mac Lochlainn<\/em>, the King of Leinster,\u00a0Diarmait Mac Murchada<\/em>, was forcibly exiled by a confederation of Irish forces under the new High King,\u00a0Ruaidri mac Tairrdelbach Ua Conchobair<\/em>. Fleeing first to the English port-city of Bristol, and then to Normandy, Diarmait <\/em>obtained permission from King Henry II of England to use his English subjects to regain his kingdom.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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    Diarmait Mac Murchada, King of Leinster<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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    Richard de Clare (Stongbow)<\/h3>

    By the following year he had obtained these services, and in 1169 AD the main body of Norman, Welsh, and Flemish forces landed in Ireland and quickly retook the Province of Leinster and the cities of Waterford and Dublin on behalf of\u00a0Diarmait<\/em>. \u00a0The leader of the Norman force,\u00a0Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke<\/em>, more commonly known\u00a0as \u2018Strongbow\u2019, married Diarmait\u2019s<\/em> daughter, Aoife<\/em>, and was named\u00a0T\u00e1naiste\u00a0<\/em>to the Kingdom of Leinster. This caused consternation to Anglo-Norman King Henry II, who\u00a0feared the establishment of a rival Norman Kingdom in Ireland. Accordingly, he resolved to visit Leinster to establish his authority.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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    Arms of Richard de Clare, (Anglo-Norman) 2nd Earl of Pembroke<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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    The Marriage of Aoife and \u2018Strongbow\u2019<\/strong>
    <\/strong>by\u00a0Daniel Maclise\u00a0(1854), a romanticised depiction of the union between Aoife and\u00a0Richard de Clare\u00a0in the ruins of Waterford.<\/em><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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    The Anglo-Norman King Henry II of England landed in Ireland in 1171 AD, proclaiming Waterford and Dublin as Royal Cities. Pope Adrian\u2019s successor, Pope\u00a0Alexander III, ratified the grant of Ireland to King Henry in 1172 AD.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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    Treaty of Windsor<\/h3><\/div>

    The 1175 AD\u00a0<\/span>Treaty of Windsor<\/b>\u00a0<\/span>between the Anglo-Norman King Henry and\u00a0Ruaidhr\u00ed\u00a0<\/em>maintained\u00a0Ruaidhr\u00ed\u00a0<\/em>as\u00a0High King of Ireland<\/em>\u00a0but codified King Henry\u2019s\u00a0<\/span>control of Leinster, Meath and Waterford. However, with\u00a0Diarmuid\u00a0<\/em>and \u2018Strongbow\u2019 dead, and with King Henry back in England, and\u00a0Ruaidhr\u00ed<\/em>\u00a0unable to curb his\u00a0<\/span>vassals, the high kingship of Ireland rapidly lost control of the country. King Henry, in 1185 AD, awarded his younger son, John, the title\u00a0Dominus Hiberniae<\/em>,\u00a0<\/span>\u2018Lord of Ireland\u2019. This kept the newly created title and the Kingdom of England personally and legally separate. However, when Prince John unexpectedly\u00a0<\/span>succeeded his brother as King of England in 1199 AD, the Lordship of Ireland fell back into personal union with the Kingdom of England.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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    Arms of the Lordship of Ireland<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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    The Black Death<\/strong><\/h3><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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    The Black Death broke out in Ireland in the Year 1348 AD.\u00a0The annalists give fearful accounts of this \u2018visitation\u2019. Black Death<\/em>\u00a0appeared in Dublin first, and so fatal were its effects, that four thousand souls are said to have\u00a0perished there from August to Christmas 1348 AD. Because most of the English and Norman inhabitants of Ireland lived in towns and villages, the plague hit them\u00a0far harder than it did the native Irish, who lived in more dispersed rural settlements. After the\u00a0Black Death<\/em>\u00a0had passed, Gaelic-Irish language and customs came to\u00a0dominate the country again. The English-controlled area shrank back to \u2018the Pale\u2019, a fortified area around Dublin. Outside the Pale, the Hiberno-Norman lords\u00a0intermarried with Hiberno-Gaelic noble families, adopted the Irish-Gaelic language and Irish customs and sided with the Gaelic-Irish in political and military conflicts\u00a0against the English Lordship of Ireland. They became known as the \u2018Old English\u2019, and in the words of a contemporary English commentator, were \u201cmore Irish than\u00a0the Irish themselves.\u201d<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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    Ireland in 1450 showing lands held by native Irish (green), the Irish-Normans (blue) and the English king (red).<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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    Statutes of Kilkenny<\/b><\/h3><\/div>

    The authorities in the Pale worried about the Gaelicisation of Norman Ireland, and passed the \u2018Statutes of Kilkenny\u2019 in 1366 AD banning those of English-descent\u00a0<\/span>from speaking the Irish language, wearing Irish clothes or inter-marrying with the Irish.<\/p><\/div>

    However, the English government in Dublin had little real authority. By the end of the fifteenth century, central English authority in Ireland had all but disappeared.<\/p><\/div>

    Hundred Years War<\/b><\/h3><\/div>

    England\u2019s attentions were diverted by the \u2018Hundred Years\u2019 War\u2019 against the French (1337\u20131453) \u2026 and then by the \u2018Wars of the Roses\u2019, which were a series of\u00a0<\/span>dynastic wars (1450 \u2013 1485 AD) for the throne of England (the \u2018Wars of the Roses\u2019 were fought between supporters of two rival branches of the royal House of\u00a0<\/span>Plantagenet, being the houses of Lancaster and York). All around Ireland, local Gaelic-Irish and Gaelicised-Norman lords expanded their powers at the expense of the\u00a0<\/span>English government in Dublin.\u00a0<\/p><\/div>

    Gaelic kingdoms and Gaelic-controlled lordships <\/b><\/h3><\/div>

    Following the failed attempt by the Scottish Prince Edward Bruce (a Scottish-Norman) to drive the Irish-Normans out of Ireland, there emerged a number of important\u00a0<\/span>Gaelic kingdoms and Gaelic-controlled lordships.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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    Connacht<\/h4>

    The\u00a0\u00d3 Conchobhair<\/em>\u00a0dynasty, despite their setback during the Bruce wars, had regrouped and ensured that the title King of Connacht was not yet an empty. Their stronghold was in their homeland of\u00a0Sil Muirdeag<\/em>, from where they dominated much of northern and north-eastern Connacht. However, after the death of\u00a0Ruaidri mac Tairdelbach Ua Conchobair<\/em>in 1384 AD, the dynasty split into two factions, \u00d3 Conchobhair Don<\/em>\u00a0and\u00a0\u00d3\u00a0Conchobhair Ruadh<\/em>.<\/p>

    By the late 15th century, internecine warfare between the two branches had weakened them to the point where they themselves became vassals of more powerful lords\u00a0such as\u00a0\u00d3 Domhnaill of T\u00edr Chonaill<\/em>\u00a0and the Hyberno-Norman Clan Burke of Clanricarde.<\/p>

    The\u00a0Mac Diarmata<\/em>\u00a0Kings of\u00a0Moylurg<\/em>\u00a0retained their status and kingdom during this era, up to the death of\u00a0Tadhg Mac Diarmata<\/em>\u00a0in 1585 (last\u00a0de facto<\/em>\u00a0King of Moylurg).\u00a0Their cousins, the\u00a0Mac Donnacha<\/em>\u00a0of\u00a0T\u00edr Ailella<\/em>, found their fortunes bound to the\u00a0\u00d3 Conchobhair Ruadh<\/em>.<\/p>

    The kingdom of\u00a0U\u00ed Maine<\/em>\u00a0had lost much of its southern and western lands to the Irish-Norman Clanricardes, but managed to flourish until repeated raids by\u00a0\u00d3 Domhnaill<\/em>\u00a0in the early 16th century weakened it.<\/p>

    Other territories such\u00a0as \u00d3 Flaithbeheraigh<\/em>\u00a0of\u00a0Iar Connacht<\/em>, \u00d3Seachnasaigh<\/em>of\u00a0Aidhne<\/em>,\u00a0O\u2019Dowd<\/em>\u00a0of\u00a0Tireagh<\/em>,\u00a0O\u2019Hara<\/em>,\u00a0\u00d3 Gadhra<\/em>, and\u00a0\u00d3 Maddan<\/em>, either survived in\u00a0isolation or were vassals for greater men.<\/p>

    Ulster<\/h4>

    The Ulaid proper were in a sorry state all during this era, being squeezed between the emergent\u00a0\u00d3 Neill\u00a0<\/em>of\u00a0T\u00edr E\u00f3gain<\/em>\u00a0in the west, the\u00a0MacDonnells<\/em>,\u00a0Clann Aodha Buidhe<\/em>, and the Anglo-Normans from the east.\u00a0Only\u00a0Mag Aonghusa<\/em>\u00a0managed to retain a portion of their former kingdom with expansion into\u00a0Iveagh<\/em>.<\/p>

    The two great success stories of this era were\u00a0\u00d3 Domhnaill<\/em>\u00a0of\u00a0T\u00edr Chonaill<\/em>\u00a0and\u00a0\u00d3 Neill<\/em>\u00a0of\u00a0T\u00edr E\u00f3gain<\/em>.\u00a0\u00d3 Domhnaill<\/em>\u00a0was able to dominate much of northern Connacht to the detriment of its native lords, both \u2018Old English\u2019 (Irish-Normans) and Gaelic-Irish, though it took\u00a0time to suborn the likes of\u00a0\u00d3 Conchobhair Sligigh<\/em>\u00a0and\u00a0\u00d3 Ruairc\u00a0<\/em>of\u00a0Iar Breifne<\/em>.<\/p>

    Expansion southwards brought the hegemony of\u00a0T\u00edr E\u00f3gain<\/em>, and by extension\u00a0\u00d3 Neill<\/em>\u00a0influence, well into the border lordships of Louth and Meath.\u00a0Mag Uidir<\/em>\u00a0of\u00a0Fear Manach<\/em>\u00a0would slightly later be able to build his lordship up to that of third most powerful in the province, at the expense of the\u00a0\u00d3 Ruaircs<\/em>\u00a0of\u00a0Iar Breifne<\/em>\u00a0and the\u00a0MacMahons\u00a0<\/em>of\u00a0Airg\u00edalla<\/em>.<\/p>

    Leinster<\/h4>

    Likewise, despite the adverse (and unforeseen) effects of\u00a0Diarmait Mac Murchada\u2019s<\/em>\u00a0efforts to regain his kingdom, the fact of the matter was that, of his twenty\u00a0successors up to 1632 AD, most of them had regained much of the ground they had lost to the Normans, and exacted yearly tribute from the towns.\u00a0His most dynamic successor was the celebrated\u00a0Art mac Art MacMurrough-Kavanagh<\/em>.<\/p>

    The \u00d3 Broin<\/em>\u00a0and\u00a0\u00d3 Tuathail<\/em>\u00a0largely contented themselves with raids on Dublin (which, incredibly, continued into the 18th century). The\u00a0\u00d3 Mordha<\/em>\u00a0of Laois and\u00a0\u00d3 Conchobhair Falaighe<\/em>\u00a0of Offaly \u2013 the latter\u2019s capital was\u00a0Daingean<\/em>\u00a0\u2013 were two self-contained territories that had earned the right to be called kingdoms due to their near- invincibility against successive generations of Irish-Normans.<\/p>

    The great losers were the\u00a0\u00d3 Melaghlins<\/em>\u00a0of Meath: their kingdom collapsed despite attempts by\u00a0Cormac mac Art O Melaghlain<\/em>\u00a0to restore it. The royal family was reduced to\u00a0vassal status, confined to the east shores of the River Shannon. The kingdom was substantially incorporated into the Lordship of Meath which was granted to Hugh de Lacy (a Norman lord) in 1172 AD.<\/p>

    Munster<\/h4>
    The Kingdom of Desmond\u00a0(South Munster)\u00a0<\/em><\/h5>

    It was during this period that Finghin MacCarthy, King of Desmond, also known as\u00a0Fineen of Ringrone\u00a0(F\u00ednghin Reanna R\u00f3in Mac Carthaigh<\/em>), fought the\u00a0Battle of Callann\u00a0<\/strong>in August 1261, between the\u00a0Anglo-Normans, under\u00a0John FitzGerald, and the\u00a0Gaelic-Irish\u00a0forces of\u00a0the MacCarthy Reagh\u00a0dynasty of the Kingdom of Desmond.<\/p>

    The battle took place in the\u00a0townland\u00a0of\u00a0Callan\u00a0<\/em>(or Collon) near modern day\u00a0Kilgarvan<\/em>,\u00a0County Kerry. The Anglo-Norman defeat at Callan is traditionally viewed as marking\u00a0the expulsion of the Anglo-Normans, mainly the \u2018Geraldines (FitzGeralds), from the south and their confinement to north of the rivers Maine and Laune. North of the rivers\u00a0suffered attack after attack from the MacCarthys for many years after Callan, but this is the region that would become Kerry. It was largely\u00a0Finghin\u00a0MacCarthaigh\u2019s<\/em>\u00a0victory\u00a0against the\u00a0FitzGeralds\u00a0that preserved\u00a0Irish-Gaelic\u00a0Desmond for the next three centuries.<\/p>

    The Kingdom of Thomond\u00a0(North Munster)<\/h5>

    Despite huge setbacks, the descendants of\u00a0Brian B\u00f3ruma<\/em>\u00a0had, by surviving the\u00a0Second Battle of Athenry<\/em>\u00a0and winning the decisive\u00a0battles of\u00a0Corcomroe<\/em>\u00a0and\u00a0Dysert O\u2019Dea<\/em>, been able to suborn their vassals and eradicate the Normans from their home kingdom of Thomond. Their spheres of interest often met\u00a0with conflict with Anglo-Normans such as the Earls of Desmond and Earls of Ormond, yet they ruled right up to the end of Gaelic-Ireland, and beyond, by expedient of joining the Protestant Church and becoming the O\u2019Brien Earls of Thomond (a British title).<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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    Tudor conquest of Ireland<\/h2>

    From 1536 AD, King Henry VIII of England decided to conquer Ireland and bring it under English control. The Hiberno-Norman FitzGerald dynasty of Kildare, who had become\u00a0the effective rulers of the Lordship of Ireland (\u2018The Pale\u2019) in the 15th century, had become unreliable allies for the English king \u2026 so, King Henry VIII resolved to bring Ireland\u00a0under English government control so the island would not become a base for future rebellions, or for foreign invasions of England.\u00a0To involve the Gaelic-Irish nobility and to allow them to retain their lands under English law, the English policy of \u2018surrender and re-grant\u2019 was applied.<\/p>

    In 1541 AD, King Henry VIII upgraded Ireland from a \u2018lordship\u2019 to a \u2018kingdom\u2019, partly in response to his changing relationship with the papacy, which still had suzerainty over\u00a0Ireland, following Henry\u2019s break with the church.<\/p>

    Henry was proclaimed \u2018King of Ireland\u2019 at a meeting of the Irish Parliament that year. This was the first meeting of the Irish Parliament to be attended by the Gaelic-Irish\u00a0princes as well as the Hiberno-Norman aristocracy.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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    King Henry VIII of England<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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    With the technical institutions of government in place, the next step was to extend the control of the \u2018Kingdom of Ireland\u2019 over all of its claimed territory. This took nearly a\u00a0century, with various English administrations in the process either negotiating or fighting with the independent Gaelic-Irish and \u2018Old English\u2019 (Norman-Irish) lords.<\/p>

    The conquest of Ireland was completed during the reigns of England\u2019s Queen Elizabeth I and King James I, after numerous bloody conflicts.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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    England\u2019s \u2018Tudor conquest<\/strong>\u00a0of Ireland\u2019 <\/strong>(or\u00a0re-conquest<\/strong>) took place under the Tudor dynasty of English Kings and Queens during the 16th century.<\/p>

    Following a failed rebellion against the English crown by \u2018Silken Thomas\u2019 FitzGerald, the Earl of Kildare, in the 1530s, England\u2019s King Henry VIII was declared King of\u00a0Ireland by statute of the Parliament of Ireland, with the aim of restoring such central authority as had been lost throughout the country during the previous two centuries.<\/p>

    By conciliation and repression, the conquest continued for sixty years, until 1603, when the entire country came under the nominal control of King James I, exercised\u00a0through his \u2018privy council\u2019 at Dublin. The English conquest of Ireland was complicated by the imposition of English law, language and culture, as well as by the\u00a0extension of the Protestant \u2018Church of England\u2019 as the state religion of Ireland.<\/p>

    The Spanish Empire intervened several times at the height of the Anglo-Spanish War, and the Irish found themselves caught between their widespread acceptance of the Pope\u2019s authority and the requirements of allegiance demanded of them by the English monarchy.<\/p>

    \u00a0<\/p>

    Destruction of the\u00a0Old Gaelic Order<\/em>\u00a0<\/h2>

    Upon completion of the \u2018Tudor conquest of Ireland\u2019, the polity of Gaelic-Ireland had been largely destroyed and the Spanish were no longer willing to intervene directly. This left the way clear for extensive confiscation of land in Ireland by English, Scots, and Welsh colonists.<\/p>

    The flight into exile in 1607 of Hugh O\u2019Neill, 2nd Earl of Tyrone and Rory O\u2019Donnell, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell following their defeat at the\u00a0Battle of Kinsale<\/strong>\u00a0in 1601 and\u00a0the suppression of their rebellion in Ulster in 1603 is seen as the watershed of Gaelic-Ireland. It marked the destruction of Ireland\u2019s ancient Gaelic nobility following the\u00a0English conquest, and it cleared the way for the \u2018Plantation\u2019 (colonization) of Ulster. After this point, the English authorities in Dublin established real control over\u00a0Ireland for the first time, bringing a centralised government to the entire island, and successfully disarmed the Gaelic-Irish lordships.<\/p>

    After the destruction of the\u00a0Old Gaelic Order<\/em>\u00a0which followed the\u00a0Battle of Kinsale<\/strong>, the Irish in the island of Ireland have had to contend with hundreds of years of English\u00a0rule, with every Irish generation has been repeatedly subjected to an on-going system of ridicule, persecution, and discrimination.<\/p>

    All of the historic English discriminatory legislation and Penal Laws regarding Ireland have impacted all Irish people to some degree or other \u2013 such as England\u2019s actions\u00a0to eliminate Gaelic law and culture. Some particular actions by the British were also aimed at a particular segment or part of the Irish population.\u00a0<\/p>

    One of those segments was small, and is actually now an\u00a0extremely<\/em>\u00a0small percentage of the overall Irish nation (which is some 70 millions, worldwide). These are the\u00a0people who descend from the formerly ruling Gaelic-Irish families, pre-Battle of Kinsale<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 who were the indigenous nobility of Gaelic-Ireland; many of whose ancestors\u00a0were killed by the English, or forced to leave Ireland with the \u2018Wild Geese\u2019, destined for a difficult and dangerous life in Europe and the New World \u2013 and, today, their\u00a0descendants take great pride in the accomplishments of their Irish ancestors, and they wish to maintain an awareness of what the ancient Irish cultural and governmental\/organisational history\u00a0really was.<\/em><\/p>

    Since 1921, the Irish Free State and the Republic of Ireland have ruled the people of Ireland as\u00a0successor\u00a0<\/em>governments to England\u2019s rule from Dublin Castle \u2026 these Irish\u00a0successor<\/em>\u00a0governments, which are based on English Common Law and the Westminster parliamentary system (e.g. an unelected upper-house), continue to use British titles\u00a0as a form of respect in Ireland, while the old Gaelic titles are never mentioned.<\/p>

    Centuries of false propaganda and centuries of servitude on many levels, until Irish Independence in 1921, resulted in a totally incorrect conception of the\u00a0Old Gaelic Order<\/em>\u00a0of things, Chiefs-of-Name, etc. Much of this was the result of deliberate English policy and prejudice, starting with their Surrender and Re-grant policy of the mid 1500\u2019s\u00a0and culminating with the 1587 law under the first Queen Elizabeth I which \u2018utterly abolished\u2019 all Brehon law, Gaelic titles and successions, Irish cultural practices, language,\u00a0religion, etc. When, in fact, our Irish culture and governmental genius was far older and more advanced than theirs, only it was\u00a0different<\/em>\u00a0\u2026 which the English refused to\u00a0accept and thus decided to eliminate. Forever.<\/p>

    And, the English laws to \u2018utterly abolish\u2019 all aspects of the heritage and culture of the Irish were added to, again and again, during the following centuries by specific local\u00a0actions and other legislation. The objective of the English was to completely eliminate the centuries-old Gaelic culture, referring to the nobility of Gaelic-Ireland as no more\u00a0than \u2018Chiefs of Savage Clans\u2019 \u2026<\/p>

    However, these ancient rights of the nobility of Ireland were never relinquished in international law, irrespective of the illegal suppression of our whole history by an invader,\u00a0by force.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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    Elizabeth Tudor, Queen of England and Ireland (7 September 1533 \u2013 24 March 1603)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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    These Gaelic-Irish titles no longer attach to any territories. They are honorifics, or, in legal parlance, \u2018incorporeal hereditaments.*’<\/strong> Any lands which historically related\u00a0to any given title, have long since become simply footnotes in the history of the title.<\/p>

    *<\/strong> In law, a\u00a0hereditament<\/strong>\u00a0(from Latin\u00a0hereditare<\/em>, to inherit, from\u00a0heres<\/em>, heir) is any kind of property that can be inherited. Hereditaments are divided into corporeal and\u00a0incorporeal. Corporeal hereditaments<\/em>\u00a0are \u201csuch as affect the senses, and may be seen and handled by the body; incorporeal are not the subject of sensation, can neither be\u00a0seen nor handled, are creatures of the mind, and exist only in contemplation\u201d. An example of a corporeal hereditament is land held in freehold. Examples of\u00a0incorporeal\u00a0hereditaments<\/em>\u00a0are hereditary titles of honour or dignity, heritable titles of office, coats of arms, prescriptive barony, rights of way, etc.<\/p>

    British titles have\u00a0nothing<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0to do with the former Kingdom of Desmond and have no relationship in terms of any Gaelic Irish titles anywhere in Ireland. They have nothing to do with the history or grants or definitions used by the Gaelic-Irish nobility when the\u00a0Old Gaelic Order\u00a0<\/em>was operative in Ireland, or now.<\/strong><\/p>

    Gaelic-Irish titles were \u2013 and are \u2013 the property of the various\u00a0Irish<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0royal houses and their subordinates per documentation, historical usage and \u2018chief rents\u2019 paid,\u00a0<\/strong>etc. <\/strong><\/p>

    Gaelic-Irish titles and usages\/ inheritances have no legal relationship to any laws\u00a0ever<\/em>\u00a0passed by any British government, or by any government in Ireland still\u00a0ruled by a British government in one of its personalities. Those governments had no right to outlaw Gaelic-Irish titles\/ practices, or legislate about Irish\u00a0structures, however much those governments tried to abolish by force and duress the\u00a0Old Gaelic Order<\/em>, including Gaelic-Irish titles. Thus English-inspired laws\u00a0abolishing Gaelic-Irish titles (or abolishing \u2018feudalism\u2019 1660 \u2013 1662)\u00a0or any other law on any subject passed when England\/ Great Britain\/ UK were controlling\u00a0Ireland<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0have nothing to do with the Old Gaelic Order, and are rejected as irrelevant.<\/strong><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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    Those Irish structures and the Brehon Law relating to them are not subject to any laws passed relating to them by any\u00a0current<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0Irish government, as that government\u00a0is a \u2018successor state\u2019 and operates under the historic English common law which it accepted in lieu of historic Irish law. In effect, the Irish government of today has\u00a0nothing legally to say either about historic Gaelic titles or about British titles emanating from the \u2018previous\u2019 de facto British government in Ireland.<\/strong><\/p>

    (Nonetheless, there are people in Ireland \u2013 and in what was the Kingdom of Desmond \u2013 who still legally bear titles emanating from a British government prior to Irish\u00a0Independence in 1922. And they and many of their ancestors have proved their total commitment to Irish nationalism and freedom. Many are \u2018Irish\u2019 in every manner\u00a0including their birth and passports, and are publicly devoted to the idea of an Irish nation \u2013 which encompasses people of all backgrounds as citizens.)<\/p>

    It is important that the history and heritage of the Irish-titles of\u00a0Old Gaelic Order<\/em>\u00a0lives on. And, it is important that there are suitable cultural custodians for this aspect of\u00a0the\u00a0Old Gaelic Order<\/em>, who will ensure these icons of our Gaelic history and heritage survive, and that they are passed on to future generations of Irishmen.<\/p>

    The\u00a0Kingdom of Desmond Association<\/em>, is only one of many recent initiatives among individuals, groups, academics, etc. to \u2018recapture\u2019 the total treasure of Irish history\u00a0pre-Kinsale<\/strong>. Which we ourselves have neglected since 1921 as is evident from simply looking at our own textbooks in Irish schools, which teach our own children very little\u00a0about the Gaelic order of things, seemingly preferring to imply that Gaelic Ireland was a \u2018republican\u2019 world \u2013 which it never was, of course.<\/p>

    It is not difficult to understand that, after 1921, the British Empire\u2019s \u2018successor\u2019 Irish Free State and the \u2018successor\u2019 Republic of Ireland *, who succeeded the English at\u00a0Dublin Castle (with the \u2018Irish State\u2019 simply substituted for the \u2018English Crown\u2019), would be opposed to the concept of an English-style of aristocracy in Ireland. But for these\u00a0Irish \u2018successor\u2019 governments to turn their backs on the existence of the native Irish nobility of the\u00a0Old Gaelic Order<\/em>, was to \u2018throw the baby out with the bath water.\u201d<\/p>

    \u00a0* The Irish Free State and the Republic of Ireland are \u2018successor governments\u2019 to the British Empire : as part of Irish \u2018independence\u2019, Ireland adopted English\u00a0Common Law; and \u2018Crown Land\u2019 became \u2018State Land\u2019, etc \u2026<\/p>

    And, when a Brit\u2019 titleholder comes to Ireland, his Brit\u2019 title is used fawningly by people in the Irish government, whenever he is addressed.<\/p>

    It would be a step in the right direction if Irish Republic \u2018successor\u2019 governments would use the old Gaelic titles as a form of respect in Ireland, in the same way they\u00a0continue to use British titles as a form of respect in Ireland.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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    Nobility\u00a0 Nobility is a social class that possesses more acknowledged privileges or eminence than most other classes in a society, and membership is\u00a0usually\u00a0hereditary.\u00a0The privileges associated with nobility may constitute substantial advantages relative to non-nobles, or may be largely honorary (e.g. \u2018order of precedence\u2019) and vary from country to country and from era to era.\u00a0 Historically, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/kingdomofdesmond.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/508"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/kingdomofdesmond.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/kingdomofdesmond.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kingdomofdesmond.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kingdomofdesmond.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=508"}],"version-history":[{"count":13,"href":"https:\/\/kingdomofdesmond.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/508\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":701,"href":"https:\/\/kingdomofdesmond.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/508\/revisions\/701"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/kingdomofdesmond.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=508"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}